It can be localised in an urbanised zone, and offers the opportunity of recovering energy. Incineration is a high-quality treatment for Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), very useful in big or crowded cities, because it reduces the quantity and volume of waste to be land filled. This heat from combustion can be converted into energy. It is accompanied by the release of heat. It is a treatment technology involving destruction of solid waste by controlled burning at high temperatures. Incineration is the main waste-to-energy form of treatment. Energy recovery, via district heating and electricity generation as illustrated in ~Figure I, is an exemplary way of ensuring economic as well as ecological viability of the incineration process. However, over the last 15 years, advances in incinerator research and development as well as more stringent emission limits have resulted in equipping the majority of municipal waste incinerators with flue-gas cleaning systems and energy recovery boilers. In the past, about 30 municipal solid waste incinerators were operated in the UK, some of which had no flue-gas cleaning system. Incineration 1 The incineration process consists of a number of stages: drying (mainly at 50-200 ☌), degasification (mainly at 250-400 ☌), gasification (mainly at 400-600 ☌) and combustion (mainly at > 600 ☌). However, the fly ash residues generated pose a significant disposal problem, as they are enriched with heavy metals and organic micropollutants. It appears that flue-gas cleaning systems in modem incinerators are very reliable in removing almost all polluting emissions from flue-gas streams. Special attention is devoted to the origin and control of emissions from incinerators. This paper gives a brief overview of the more recent research and development for the removal of dioxins and heavy metals from flue-gas streams. However, the major public concern and research effort are associated with the emissions of organic micropollutants from waste incinerators. Emissions of dioxins are mainly from incinerators, domestic and industrial coal combustion, and traffic.
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